Writers of the Neoclassical age.

     Name: Vadher Ankita

Paper: 2 Neoclassical Literature

   Topic:  Writers of the Neoclassical age.

    Sem: 1 , M.A.-2

   Roll no: 17

   Submitted To, 

   Dr. Dilip Barad.

  Dept. of English,

   M.K. Bhavnagar University,

   Bhavnagar.

            

     Neoclassicism:

                                      After the renaissance a period of exploration and expansiveness came a reach the direction of order and restraint .This reaction developed in France in the mid 17^th century and England thirty years later and it dominated European literature until the last part of the 18^th century.

                               The period is called neoclassic because its writers looked back to the ideals and art form of classic times, emphasizing even more than their Renaissance predecessors the classical ideals of order and rational central. Neoclassical writers saw in the classical world their respect for the past led to be conservative both in art and politics.

                           Neoclassical thinkers could the past as a guide for the present because they assumes that human nature was construct essentially the same regardless of time and place art they believed ,should express this essential nature: ‘’Nothing can pleas many, and please long but just representation of general nature’’ if human nature has remained construct over the centuries, it is unlikely that any startling new discovers will be made Hence neoclassical artists did not strive to be original sonnet as to express old truth in a newly effective way Neoclassical writers aimed to articulate general truth rather than unique vision ,to communicate to other more than to express, themselves .

·       SOME WRITERS OF Neoclassical age Alexander pope:

                        Pope is in many respects a unique figure. In the first place, he was for a generation ‘’the poet’’ of a great nation. Poetry was limited in the early 18^th century; there were few lyrics, little or  no love poetry, no epics , no dramas or songs of nature worth considering ; but in the narrow field of satirist and deductive verse pope was the undisputed master. Pope was born in London in 1688, the year of revaluation. His parents   were both Catholics  who presently presently removed from London and settled in Benfield, near Windsor, where the poet’s childhood was passed. Partly because of an unfortunate prejudice against Catholics in the public schools, partly because of his own weakness and deformity, pope received very little school education. When only sixteen years old he had written his ‘’Pastorals’’; a few years later appeared his ‘’Essay on Criticism ‘’, which made him famous. with the publication of the Rape of the Lock, in 1712, Pope’s name was known and honored all over England, and this dwarf of twenty –four years, by the sheer force of his own ambition, had jumped to the foremast place in English letters he cultivated his friendship with Martha Blount, with whom for many years he spent a good brat of each day, and who remained faithful to him to the end of his life. 

·       WORKS OF POPE:

                               We may separate Pope‘s work in to three grapes, corresponding to the early, middle and later period of his life. In the first he wrote his ‘’Pastorals’’, Windsor. Forest ‘’Messiah’’, ‘’essay on criticism ‘’ and ‘’The Rape of the Lock’’ in the second, his translation of homer; in the third the Dunked and the epistles, the latter containing the famous ‘’essay on man’’ and the ‘’epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot’’, which is in truth his Apology.

·       Essay on criticism:

                   The ‘’Essay on criticism’’ sum up the art of poetry as taught first by Horace and Boolean and the 18^th century classicism Though written in heroic couplets, we hardly consider this as a poem but rather as a storehouse of critical maxims.

        

·       The Rape of the Lock

                         The Rape of the Lock is a Masterpiece of its kind and comes nearer to being a ‘’Creation’’ than anything else that pope has written .A Fop at the court of Quinine, one Lord peter snipped a lock of hair from the abundant curls of a pretty maid of honour named Arbela Femur. The young lady reserved named it, and the two families were Plunged in to a quarrel which was the talk of London pope however, went for weed of his masters in style and in delicacy of handling a mock heroic theme  and during his lifetime the Rape of the Lock was considered as the greatest poem of its kind in all literature.

·       Pope’s Translation

                            The fame of pope’s Iliad which was financially the most successful of his books it was due to the fact that he interpreted translated the entire Iliad Homer in the elegant, artificial language of his own age. Pope translated the entire Iliad and half of the ‘’Essay’’ is the best known and the most quoted of all pope’s works.

·       The Duncan

                      It’s began originally as a controversy concerning shakes per, but turned out to be  a cores and revengeful satire upon all the literary men of the age who had aroused Pope’s anger by their criticism or lack of appreciation of his genius. Among the rest of his numerous works the reader will find Pope’s estimate of best set forth in his ‘’Epistle to Dr. Arbuth no and it will be well to close our study of this strange Mixture of vanity and greatness will ‘’The Universal prayer’’ which shows at least the pope had considered and judge himself.

·       Joseph Addison  

                    Addison is easily master in the pleasure art of living with one’s fellows, It’s due to his prefect expression of that art, of that new social life which, as we have noted,was characteristic of the Age of Anne that Addison Occupies such a large place in the history of literate Addison is the sunshine ,which melts the ice and dries the mud and makes the earth thing with light and hope.

                                 Two things Addison did for our literature which are of instigate value. First he overcame a certain corrupt tendency bequeathed by Restoration literature. It was the apparent aim of the low drama, and even of much of the poetry of that age, to make virtue ridiculous and vice attractive. Addison’s purpose was to strip off the mask of vice to show its ugliness and deformity, but the reveal virtue in its own native, loveliness. And second , prompted and aided by the more original genius of his friend Steele, Addison seized upon the new social life of the chubs made it the subject of endless pleasant essay upon types of men and manners. The Totter and The spectator are the begging of the modern essay; and their studies of human characters.

                                        He was born in born in Milton, Wiltshire, in 1672.His father was a scholarly English clergyman, and all his life Addison followed naturally the quiet and cultured ways to which he was early accustomed .At the famous chapter house school in London and in his university life oxford he excelled in character and schooner ship and became known as a writer of graceful verses. 

·       Works of Addison

                            Addison’s works are his famous essays, collection from the Tattler and spectator. These essays are a perpetual inducement to others to know and to practice the same fine art. To an age of knowledge, fundamental coarseness and artificiality he came with a wholesome message of refinement and simplicity. Addison’s success knowledge of life and his greater faith in men. He attacks all the little vanities and all the big vices of his time. Addison‘s ‘’Dissection of a beau’s ‘’and his ‘’Dissection of a coquette Heart’’ is to know at once the secret of the latter’s more enduring influence.In style these essays are remarkable as showing the glowing perfection of the English language. Addison essays are well worth reading once far their own sake and many times for their influence in shaping a clear and graceful style of writing.

·       Richard Steele

                                 Steele was in almost every respect the antithesis of his friend and fellow worrier a rollicking, good hearten  emotional, lovable Irish man. He left the university to entire the Hurries guards. He was in turn soldier, captain, poet playwright essayist, Member of Parliament, twenty other things even more than Addison he ridicules vice and makes virtue lovely He is the originator of the Tatter and joins with Addison in creating the spectator.

·       The Tatter and The Spectator

                               Steele was awarded the position of official gazetteer. While in this position and writing for several small newspapers, the idea occurs to Steele to publish a paper which should contained not only the political news, but also the gossip of the clubs and coffeehouses, with some light essays  on the life and manners of the age. The Tatter first number of which appeared April 12, 1709. It was a small folio sheet appearing on post days, three times a weeks and it sold for a penny a copy. Steele at first wrote the entire paper and signed his essays with the name of Isaac Bicker staff. Steele lost his position as gazetteer and the     Tatter was discontinued after less and the Tatter was discontinued after less and the Tatter was disconcerting after  less than two years life Two months later on march 1,1711 appears the first number of the spectator . it’s in the incomparable spectator papers that Addison shoes himself most ‘’worth to be remembered’’ he contributed the majority of its essays .In the short space of four years in which Addison and Steele worked together .the light essay was established as one of the most important forms of modern literature, and the literary magazine was its place as the expression of the social life of a nation.

·       John Dryden

                                 John Dryden occupies a seminal place in English critical history and affirmed of his essay of Dramatic poetry. Dryden’s critical works was extensive, treating of various genres such as epic tragedy ,comedy and dramatic theory, satire the relative virtues of ancient and modern writers as well as the nature of poetry and translation Dryden was also a consummate poet dramatist and translator .His poetic output reflects his shifting religious  and political allegiances. Dryden was appointed poet laureate in 1668 and thereafter produced several major poems including the mock heroic ‘’Mac fleck on’’ and a political satire Absalom and Acidophil. He was renowned and tragedies Aurangzeb and All for love, or the world well lost.

                          Dryden’s essay of Dramatic poetry is written as a debate on drama conduct by four speakers, Eugenics  crimes, Lisideius, and Need lisideious refer to Sir Charles sadly and Meander is Dryden himself. In his Essay he suggests that the chief purpose of his text is ‘’to vindicate the honour of our English writers, from the censure of those who unjustly prefer the French’’. The first of these debates is that between ancient and moderns, a debate that had intermittently surfaced for centuries in literature and criticism Dryden essay is an important intervention in this debate perhaps marking a distinction between Renaissance and Neoclassical values.

                 In Dryden text this compromises subsumes a number of debates one of these concerns the classical ‘’unities’’ of time ,place and action; another focuses on the rigid classical distinction between various genre such as tragedy and comedy there was also the issue of classical decorum and propriety ,as well as the use of rhyme in drama. The most fundament of these classical rules is the three unities of time action place crisis claims that the ancient observed these rules in most of their plays. The unity of action ,cities urges stipulates that the ‘’poet’ is to aim at one great and complete action to which all other things in play are to be subservient most modern plays says critics fail to endure the test imposed by these unities and we must therefore acknowledge the superiority of the ancient authors. In his essay on criticism pope had urged that to copy nature is to copy the ancient writers not only do we have the collective experience and wisdom of the ancient to draw upon ,but also we have our own experience of the world a world understood far better in scientific terms than in ages past. What Mender takes as a valid presupposing is that a play should present a lively imitation of hum our and passions.

             The Finical debate concern the use of rhyme in drama critics argues that rhyme is unnatural in a play Following Artists critics insists that the most natural verse forms for the stage is blank verse since ordinary speech follows an iambic pattern. Meander’s reply is he does not deny that blank verse may be used ;but he asserts that in series plays where the subject and characters are great rhyme is there as nature and more effectual than blank verse. In everyday life people do not speak in blank verse any more than they do rhyme.

Name:  Ankita Vadher.

Paper No: 5:  The Translation Studies

Topic: Role of Translation in global scenario.

Sem-1,

M.A. -2

Roll No: 17,

Year: 2012-13.

Submitted To,

Dr. Dillip Barad,

Dept. of. English,

M.K.Bhavnagar University,

Bhavnagar.

Role of Translation in Global scenario

                             Translation is the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language and the production in another language of an equivalent text that communicates the same message.

Translation process is never ending. It’s goes on and on whenever we are growing translation is happen. Translation must take into account a number of constraints including context the rules of grammars of the two languages. There writing convention then idioms and the like consequently as has been recognized as at least since the time of the translator. Martin Luther one translates best into the language that one knows best. Translation has been a human activity thought attempts have been a human made to computerize or otherwise automate the translation of nature language texts or to use computers as an aid to translation. The most common misconception about translation is that there exist a simple “Word-for-Word”.    In the global scenario human civilization and culture have progressed & have brought us where we are today. Now days our brought development is progress of convergence. History is well supplied with instances and history brings us together of different cultural to create a more inclusive and richer culture. This must have been happening since the time humans learned co-operation transmission of knowledge to the succeeding generation and making of culture. The science of archaeology while addressing the question of identical cultures prevailing in different parts of the world present two models diffusion and emergence whatever the process, we know that sharing of a culture brings about an enhancement of thinking ideas and behavior. This sharing is facilitated mostly by language and literature And by arts like painting, music, sculpture, dance, etc. the world everyone tell us today a becoming a global village. the wipe is impressive but for it to become reality we need across cultural understanding that is respective, open minded, compassionate tolerant and authentic. In the absence of such understanding the much toughed global village runs the risk of being transformed into a landscape of night more. We may here remember the words of the American poet Gwendolyn brooks which was “I believe that we should all know each other, we human carries of so many pleasure differences to not know is to doubt to shrink from side step or destroy”. Let us come together but before that happen let us know our selves and then know others. Throughout the history of the human kind translation has not only brought people together but have helped explosion of knowledge. Hitherto confirm to the language in which it is created.

d… Objectives of Translation:-

According to Susan Bassnett McGuire, “Translation involves the rendering of a source language text in to the Target language”.

So as to ensure that:

†…A...†  The surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar.

†…B…†   The surface of the source language will be preserved as closely as possible but not so closely that the target language structure will be seriously distributed.

          Nida another translation expert declares that “Translation is a process by means of which a person who knows both the source language and the receptor language decodes the message of the source language and encodes it in the most appropriate from in the receptor language.”

          The role of receptor language in the development of principles and practices of translation has become more important than it was. They are often called as “Target” of translating a text the reaction which a particular translation arises in the receptor has as to Nida and Taber have indicated the way to know the response of the receptor. The tradition practice of direct question receptor is still alive but an even better way of judging the adequacy of the translation is to records the ways in which the receptor relates to other persons’ contents of what they read. A translated who cannot properly anticipate the reaction of his prospective audience is doomed to be less than successful.

        Translation is the vehicle of transmitted that can carry forward native literature to the global area. Global area can aware about the rich treasure of native literature. It cans also play a pivotal role in conveying produced abound and literary output in one language to other parts of India.   India is a multilingual country and also Indian literature has had a rich tradition. Without translation large number of great master pieces in the Indian language will remain locked up treasures to readers and they can not an acquainted with the language in which they are written. We have different value and cultures of different regions of the country are transmitted through translation. The countries are transmitted through translation and also come to know about other country’s values, language and culture. Without translation classics like Thirukkural, Ramayana, Mahabharata and Gitanjali would not have been appreciated by people from different region in India. Original Ramayana and Mahabharata were written in Sanskrit but now a day it’s translating in different language and also acceptable by all people of the world because of the it revolution we find the world to have become a global village globalization in commerce and in education, economic reform, scientific know. How all the enhances the importance of translation. Translation alone can facilitate smooth transfer of knowledge and free conduct of business activities.

         In Shakespeare’s plays translated in Indian language for example- Hamlet is translated in Gujarati by Hansha Mehta and Shakespeare well known among the people of Indian. Translating literary work of native language into English can gave the way for the writers to win the Noble Prize. Best example of Tagore- he could win the Noble prize for Gujarati and also because of the translation of his work into English.

d… Language and Translation:-

       Vygotsky a soviet psychologist and the founder of cultural-historical psychology considers that language has two major interlinked functions:

…1... He says about cultural tool, language used for the purpose of communication through communication. We can exchanges our social experiences and cultural also.

…2…  He noted psychological tool language helps to organize individual thought means it’s made creative us and make sense of the world.

         Mercer- he is an American children book writer and illustrator. He point out “we use language to transform individual thought into collective thought and action and also to make personal interpretations of shared experience”. The art of translation has had a very long history throughout the world and it’s almost as old as written literature. A fragmentary version of the Sumerian Gilgamesh have been founded in 4 or 5 Asiatic language of the 2^nd millennium B.C even in china about 781, according to the Nestorian inscription of singantus, 27 book of Jesus were known probably as translation was 1^st used to the scriptures; Jerome’s Vulgate completed in the 5^th century the 1^st Latin translation of the Bible. Another early used of language translation was to make philosophical and scientific works available in other languages. There by helping to advance the field by allowing great thinkers to share their views. Max Muller translated the Rig Veda and the principle Upanishads in to English. There is several English translation of the Bhagvat Gita.

Status of Translators-From the Beginning to Present Era:-

         Translators were considered as imitators many of the translation activities until the 1970’s were done by academics or university professors.   As self awareness and believe in the principle of equal rights for all this ideas enhanced the creativity of individual, translation came to be seen as an unoriginal creative endeavors, this led to a demographic shift in the translation   community were academic and

University professors quit translation because it was seen as non-creative works. In present Era, we are thankful to the critical role played by the translation during the modernization Era; the status of the translation has earned them high esteem. Today translation considered as a creative art. It is a creative because does not simply convey the ideas of the original but transforms them in to something rich and editing. It’s like Derrida views about decoration we can says that translation is just a critic deconstructs a text and reconstructs in new way with new ideas. Translation also decodes a source language text and then recodes it in the target language. He is not a longer a mechanical translation but a creative artist. He cuts, edits, adds, deletes, alters, and amplifiers. He does not only interoperate the text but also extends and enriches its meaning.

          Translation Essential to bind the Indian Community scattered throughout the world.

         According to Suarer-Orozco and Sattin (2007), the world need “global citizens” and “Education for globalization should aim to educate the whole child for the whole world”. The authors states that the age of globalization requires social and cultural networks across the world which in turn implies the dissolution of national boundaries for this to be possible. They suggest that crucial skills linked to critical thinking communication language, through this translation we can pass on the Indian culture to the future generations in the effective manners.

What makes a good Translator:-

…1... High Mental Capability:-

          A translator must process logical thinking and analytical precision scientific and technological texts contain logical reasoning.

…2… Natural Resourcefulness:-

          A translator must process natural resourcefulness. This enables him to choose an apt or approximate item in a vast array of the lexical and syntactical possibilities.

…3… Imaginative Faculty:-

A literary work is an outcome of emotion and imagination for the first resourcefulness is added by imagination and for the 2^nd transcription demands imagination of the highest order.

…4… Inquiring Mind:-

          A translator must know the emerging theories in the translation studies compare and evaluate translation in the light of the discriminate between different translation alternative and improve upon their translation.

…5… Knowledge of Language:-

          A translator must have absolute mastery in source and target language. He must have deep knowledge and critical scholarship in them.

…6… Knowledge of Cultures:-

          A translator must have knowledge of the cultures of the both source and target language to be a successful translator.

…7… No Bias of Prejudice:-

          A translator must have love for his language and at the same time to be free from biases and prejudices towards other languages.

         Awareness of history is an essential requirement for the translator of a work coming from an alien culture. One should be familiar with one’s own culture and be aware of the source language before attempting to build any bridge between them. In the reality being represented is not familiar to the audience. The translation stumbles and becomes difficult to read. On translation of culture rich in literature, the question relevance to the projected audience is more significant of the translator than to the original author, the translator would have to consider whether similar or parallel language resources exist in the literary subculture of the target language.

          Translation is not an option but a compulsion today. The Indians scattered over the world are making their presence felt at the global level. A culture transfer requires a multi-pronged approach. It is concerned with the author’s relationship to his subject matter and to his reader. Translation is an intellectual activity that will continue to thrive, deriving inspiration from fiction in the source language and passing on such inspiration at least appreciation to target language readers. Today’s translator must be both cultural and linguistic expert in order to successfully fulfill their tasks as it is now widely recognized that speaking another person’s language involves much more than linguistic consideration.

       Language translation allows that what has been said in one language to be said I another language in a way that is message is clearly understood and its effects closely recreated. And the field of language translation downs its existing and successful path. So that we can steer the modern world away from linguistic monopolies and keep our many wonderful language alive.

         

Name: Vadher Ankita

Paper: 1 the Renaissance Literature.

Topic: Hamlet as a Tragic Hero.

Sem - 1 M.A.: 2,

Roll no: 17

Year: 2012-13.

Submitted To,

Dr. Dilip Barad.

Dept. of .English

M.K. Bhavnagar University,

Bhavnagar.

™³¢ Hamlet as a Tragic Hero ¢³˜

™ A New Tragic Pattern:-

The end of the 16^th century, when Shakespeare was developing his art of tragedy in the tragedies written before the time of Shakespeare, there was little subtlety or complexity in the solution presented, and little depth of character portrayal. Shakespeare produced a new tragic pattern began to emerge very much riches and deeper the old one, sounding intimately the depth of the human mind and spirit and the moral possibilities of human behavior and displaying the extent to which men’s destinies are interrelated one with another’s.

™ Hamlet as a Tragic Hero:-

A Tragedy by Shakespeare is concerned chiefly with one man, and is a tale of suffering and misfortunes leading to that man’s death and of the death of a few others also. In this play Hamlet became a tragic hero. We can see tragedy of hamlet. He was the prince of the Denmark. He was a well known, honored, and well beloved figure in the political life of Denmark of the time. The play depicts the mental suffering which Hamlet endures his mother’s shameless conduct of getting remarried with Uncle Claudius after the death of his father. Hamlet’s distress over the conduct of his mother is clearly reflected in his very first soliloquy. After his mother remarried, He generalization: “Frailty, thy name is woman.”  Hamlet’s mental suffering is intensified by the disclosure with which the ghost makes to him aware about his murder. Hamlet subsequently undergoes even greater mental suffering because he finds himself unable to avenge the murder of his father. Ultimately before dying he stabs the murderer of his father and thus at last takes his revenge.

™ A Reason for Hamlet’s Mental Suffering:-

The mental suffering of hamlet is that at times he seems to have gone mad. We know that hamlet merely pretends to be mad and that he is not to be regarded as actually mad. In the play Hamlet makes him bitter and cynical in his conversation with the various characters in the play. The conduct of his mother in having got remarried hastily, and apart from the Ghost’s shocking disclosure, what gives Hamlet is his belief that Ophelia has betrayed his love for her and his trust in her although here Hamlet is made mistakes and his mistake too is part of Hamlet’s tragedy.

™ A Defect in Hamlet’s Character:-

The suffering and calamities lead to the final disaster in a Shakespeare tragedy are not merely sent from above the tragedy of Hamlet is due mainly to a defect in his own character. This defect is his incapacity for quick decisions and for action. The result is that he goes on delaying his revenge. He arranges a play he has made sure that the king is guilty who the murder of his father is. When he gets an excellent opportunity to kill Claudius at that time the king is at prayer and that if killed now he would go to heaven. Hamlet believes in Christianity. So he was postponement of his revenge. It’s also responsible for his tragedy.

™ Conflict in the Mind of Hamlet:-

Conflict is essential to every drama. This conflict is of two kinds: the outward conflict between the characters, and then the inner conflict which takes place in the mind of hero. In hamlet the outward conflict takes place between Hamlet and Claudius. Hamlet seeks to avenge the murder of his father by killing Claudius, while Claudius seek to get rid of hamlet in order to ensure his own security and stability. Towards the end of the play an outward conflict also takes place between hamlets murdered of largess’s father. The inner conflict is revealed to us in hamlet’s successive soliloquies. The most famous soliloquies are: “To be or not to be that is the question.” An inner conflict appears in these soliloquies: “How all occasions do inform against me.”

In this soliloquies Hamlet asks himself. He feels greatly distressed by the thought that he has not lived up to his own notion of honor which demanded that he should put an end to the life of his father’s murderer. 

™ The Development in the Character of the Tragic Hero:-

Hamlet is a man of intellectual genius. He has high sense of honour; his heart is full of devotion to his dead father. These qualities win him our admiration and sympathy in spite of his lack of a capacity for quick action and his tendency to procrastination. When we first meet Hamlet he is in a state of deep depression. The world seems to him an ‘unwedded garden’. His state of depression continuous and However, by the final scene his composure has returned. He kills Claudius.

™ Growth in Stature & Wisdom:-

          In the beginning of the final scene Hamlet is still beset by doubt from without & within speaking to Horatio he says: “thought would not think how ill all’s here about my heart; but it is no matter.” Through this Hamlet wanted to say Horatio that after his friends reveled his truth about madness that actually he was not mad. But he merely pretends to be mad. A tragedy of the highest kind moves in to the return of the human spirit and at the close we contemplate the basic nature of man.

™ Hamlet as a Melancholy Man:-                  

                                       

          Hamlet was the delay in avenging his father’s murder. Hamlet is a man with a melancholic temperament an explicit moral sensibility or idealism and an intellectual genius. His mother’s hasty remarriage, his natural melancholy has been depended. Hamlet receives a violent shock. The shock comes with a sudden disclosure from the ghost of his mother’s true nature and of the fact that his father had been murdered by his uncle. As a result of this shock he begins to sink further in to melancholy. His futile mental analysis of the deed of revenge which is further weakens him because of his delay. He enslaves him to his melancholy still more.   

™ The Transformation in the Tragic Hero:-

         

Hamlet the hero is transformed into something which he had not been at the beginning of the play. At the end of hamlet, the hero is very different from the man who had longed for death and contemplated suicide. The grave digger scene is essentially a meditation on the inevitably of death. This scene begins light heartedly but it becomes more serious and more general. Hamlet reflection on the skulls thrown up by the grave digger in the course of his digging contains very interesting and very philosophical ideas. Hamlet has commented on a skull which could be the skull of a Politician or of a courtier or of a lawyer. Hamlet is remarks on the skulls and the bones are his last comment on the different between appearance and reality. He has come to accept reality for what it is. It is after the graveyard scene that the man who had continually brooded on death is able to face it.

™ Conclusion:-                                                

          Shakespeare’s tragic heroes do not revenge the world. The dying Hamlet is concerned about the welfare of the sate and his own worldly reputation. Such values are never denied. But at the end of the tragedies they are no longer primary values. The central thing is the spirit of man achieving grandeur.