Edward said Orientalism.

Assignment- E-E 305: The postcolonial literature.

Topic- Edward said Orientalism.

Name- Vadher Ankita.

Roll no- 12.

Sem- 3

Batch-   2011-12.

Submitted To,

Dr. Dilip Barad,

Bhavnagar University,

Bhavnagar.

Edward was visited to Beirut during the civil war of 1975 and also says a French journalist wrote regretfully of the gutted downtown area that “it had once seemed to belong to the orient of chateaubriand and nerval. He was right about the place and especially so far as a European was concerned. The orient was almost a European invention and had been since antiquity a place of romance, exotic being haunting memories and landscapes remarkable experiences had sometime at stake in the process that even in the time of chateaubriand and nerval oriental had lived there and that now it was they who were suffering the main thing for the European visitor was a European representation of the orient and its contemporary fate, both of which had a privileged communal significance for the journalist and his French readers. Americans will not feel quite about the orient which for them is much more likely to be associated very differently with the far east the Americans unlike the French and the British-less so the Germans, Russian, Spanish Portuguese, Italians and Swiss have had a long tradition of what I shall be calling Oriental a way of coming to terms with the orient that is based on the orient’s special place in European western experience. Orient has helped to define Europe as its contrasting image, idea, personality, experience. The orient is an integral part of European material civilization and culture. Orientalism express and represents that part culturally and even ideologically as a mode of discourse with supporting institutions vocabulary, scholarship, imagery, doctrine and colonial styles. Orientals lives on academically through its doctrines and these about the orient and the oriental. Related to this academic tradition and transmission is in part the subject of this study orientalism is a style of thought based upon an ontological and epistemological distinction made between “the orient” and “the occident”. The interchange between the academic and the more or less imaginative meaning of orientalism is a constant one and since the late eighteenth century. There has been a considerable quit disciplined perhaps even regulated traffic between the two. Here he came to the third meaning of orientalism which is something more historically and materially defined than either of the other two, orientalism as a western style for dominating, restructuring and having authority over the orient. Edward have found it useful hereto employ Michel Foucault’s notion of a discourse, as described by him in the archaeology of knowledge and in discipline and punish to identify orientalism. From the beginning of the nineteenth century until the end of the world war two France and Britain dominated the orient and orientalism; world war two America has dominated the orient and approaches it as France and Britain once did. Orient is not an inert fact of nature. There is in addition the hegemony of European ideas about the orient themselves reiterating. European superiority over oriental backwardness usually overruling. Little resistance on the orient’s part. Edward mentioned three aspects of his contemporary reality: he must explain and briefly discuss them now, so that it can be seen how he was lead to a particular course of research and writing.

v The distinction between pure and political knowledge:

                                                     It is very easy to argue that knowledge about Shakespeare or Wordsworth is not political. Whereas knowledge about contemporary China or the Soviet Union is his own formal and professional designation is that of “humanist” a title which indicates the humanities as his field and therefore the unlikely eventuality that three might be anything political about what he do in that field. The distinction between “humanists” and person whose work has policy implication or political significance can be broadened further by saying that the former’s ideological color is a matter of incidental importance to politics, whereas the ideology of the letter is woven directly into his material indeed, economics, politics, and sociology in the modern academy are ideological sciences and therefore taken for granted as being “political”. The kind of political questions rose by orientalism, and then is as follows. What other sorts of intellectual aesthetic, scholarly and culture energies went in to the making of an imperialist tradition like the orienatlists one?  How did philosophy lexicography history biology, political and economic theory, novel writing and lyric poetry come to the service of orientalism broadly imperialist view of the word? He does orientalism tradition or reproduces itself from one epoch to another? Edward argument is that each humanistic investigation must formulate the nature of that connection in the specific context of the study the subject matter and its historical circumstances.

v The methodological question:

                                 Edward analysis to the methodological importance for work in the human science of finding and formulation a first step a point of departure a beginning principle “a major lesson. The idea of beginning indeed the act of beginning necessarily involves an act of delimitation by which something is cut out of a great mass of material separated from the mass and made to stand for as well as be a starting point a beginning for the student of texts one such notion of inaugural delimitation is Louis althuser’s ideas of the problematic a specific determinate unity of a text, or group of texts, which is something given rise to by analysis Britain and France dominated the eastern Mediterranean from about the end of the seventeenth century on. In the second place and here the failing of my study of orientalism are amply made up for there has been some important recent wore on the background in biblical scholarship to the rise of what he have called modern orientalism. German and orientalism had in common with Anglo-French and later American orientalism was a kind of intellectual authority over the orient within western culture. According to Edward analyses employ close textual readings whose goal is to reveal the dialectic between individual text or writer and the complex collective formation to which his work is a contribution. Orientalism now beings where its predecessor left off at around 1870. This is the period of great colonial expansion in to the orient and it culminates in world war two.

v The personal dimension:

                     Gramsci says: “the starting point of critical elaboration is the consciousness of what one really knowing you as a product of the historical process to date which has deposited in you an infinity of traces without leaving an inventory”. The only available English translation inexplicably leaves grimace’s comment at that however have he ever lost hold of the culture reality of the personal involvement in having been constituted as “an oriental”. The historical circumstances making such a study possible are fairly complex and he can only list them schematically. Here anyone resident in the west since the 1950 century. Particularly in the united states will have live through an era of extraordinary turbulence in the relation of east and west no one will have failed to note how “east” has always signified danger and during this period even as it has meant the traditional orient as well as Russia. The nexus of knowledge and power creating “the oriental’ and in a sense obliterating him as a human beings is therefore not for an exclusively academic matter yet it is an intellectual matter of some very obvious importance. It has regularly seemed otherwise to him, the certainly his study of orientalism has convinced him that society and literary culture can only be understood and studied together. Anti Semitism and as he has discussed it in its Islamic branch orientalism resemble each other very closely is a historical culture and political truth that needs only to be mentioned to an Arab Palestinian for its irony to be perfectly understood. But what he should like also to have contribution here is a better understanding of the way cultural domination has operated. If it eliminates the “orient” and “occident” although then we shall have advance a little in the process of what Raymond Williams has called the “unlearning” of “the inherent dominative mode?.” 

Teaching English as a second language in India: focus on objective.

Assignment- E C 304: English Language Teaching 1

Topic- Teaching English as a second language in India: focus on objective.

Name- Vadher Ankita.

Roll no- 18.

Sem- 1

Batch-  2011-12.

Submitted To,

Mr. Devarshi Mehta,

Bhavnagar University,

Bhavnagar.

                                                                    -shivendaram k. verma.

English as second language can only be understood in the larger and in the historical perspective. English is a symbol of linguistic centralism in India. The numerous Indian languages are seen to represent linguistic religionalism. English became the language of both modernization and internationalism and the Indian language became associated with tradition.

Ø The objective of language teaching:

                                        The global objective of language teaching can be defined as very helpful the children to learn a language or to perform a variety of functions also and these range from the sociable language which use of social way of language for pathetic communion and a network of communicative uses also its use at the highest level of “cognition” “catharsis”, and “self expression”. These two fundamental function are underlying and helping children learn how to ask question and through this the most important intellectual ability of man has developed and also effectively in different social network. Language in multilingual setting from an age in a system network. Each language in this network has a function determined value contrastive the other language a society or a government can assign a new value to any one of the language in the system network in term of its own policy of language planning but they both must realize that this assignment of new a language will produce a chain reaction in the network. The concept of the link language or “lingua franca” has an important significance in a multilingual setting and it an encourages wider mobility national integration and a sense of tolerance. It comes to contact with other language and get enriched by them the bilingualism, trilingual’s or even multilingualism is a powerful way of enriching the linguistic repertoire of individuals. These resource offered by plurality of language can be used for social and economic change and modernization programmers. Learners are played an active role in this teaching- learning process. They actively strain filter and recognize what they are exposed to their imitations are not photographic reproduction but artistic recreation. Learners are aware of cognitivsm efforts. The main objective at every level of teaching should be to help learners. Nome Chomsky said that every learner is born with a built in language learning mechanism. This mechanism gets activated when the learner is exposed to the language therefore to create on atmosphere is very essential. Where learning can take place children learn the language they hear around them. The teaching English as a second language in particular has often been less successful than as a result of the restricted variety of linguistic contexts with which students are provided. This reference to discoursing language teaching. The emphasis should from encouraging learner to memorize grammatical rules to helping them interact with people using different registers of language in a variety of situation. In that process the learner internalize not only the linguistic but also the sociolinguistic rules of the game. So that they capture the system which enable them to focus “what to say when and how”. And also organize words in sentence in text and keeping in their view.’ the topic of discourse”, “addresser- addresser relationship”, and sociocultureal setting language is not simply to make the learner learn the major language skills.

Ø Functionally determined sub categories:

                           

v First language:

                       First language is used for performing all the essential personal function and expanded to cover all types of inter personal function. First language is an indispensable instrument of national culture and its means for the transmission of culture from generation to another learning is the connected with his or her future activities it mean that he or she is going to learn almost everything else learning through the mother tongue  is the most comprehensive medium for the learner and very helpful for the expression of the student /learners entire personality the education commission in 1902 recommended mother tongue as the proper medium of instruction for all classes up to the higher secondary level.

v Second language:

                            Second language cannot place our mother tongue. Second language may be used as in auxiliary or associate language performing that function which is not normally performed by first language. Language is a system and our culture is reflection our language first language and second language both the language culture reflection each other people lived in different society and Social group so every social group has some words which are different from language and most of English as a second language some people also use it as an international language of knowledge, trade and industry grammar is also based on language.

v Foreign language:

                             Foreign language cannot use in higher education this language can only used business in Russia and other foreign country. Here we learn English which is different from foreign country. English and when we go to foreign country we used learn and use their language which is different from Indian second language. Indian learner enables to participate in a foreign society in certain roles and situation.

v Classical language:

                             This language comes from ‘Latin’. A classical language like Sanskrit provides access to ancient culture learning and philosophy of life and is assumed to contribute to the intellectual awareness of its learner English language has own pattern but our ancient people ancestor used Sanskrit language. Sanskrit language has not used our day to day life.

Ø Objective of teaching English as a second language in India:

                               What we perceive our needs for English to be in a multilingual setting at both the national and individual levels. This is related to the question why India needs English? What is his source?, where come out in English?, what is its roles? In urban restricted area not to use English and global language we should impart our mother tongue at the national level English must serve as our” window on the world”, as the language in which all contemporary knowledge is accessible in international relation. English has important function to use banking system trade and commerce and defense it to serve internally in addition to its role ‘as our window on the world”. English may continue to be the medium of instruction in several faculties at the college level. This student will need a greater proficiency in the skills of listening writing and speaking than students being taught

Trough other language the individual level English continues to be ‘the language of opportunity’ and ‘the language of upward social nobility’. The specific objective for these two broad categories of student population will have to be drawn up and provision made for varying standards of achievement of various field and the function as a “service-language” for the various categories of learners give promotes for their intellectual and cultural awareness of the contemporary world. If achieve these objective we will have to introduce change in our syllabus. Training programmed attitudes to learners and their language and the system of evolution. We may need to change the school its physical structure, its atmosphere its function, its facilities, its roles, and responsibilities.  The main of our educational system should be to encourage them their sense to use these capabilities in every appropriate way both for their personal lives and the benefit of society.

Robert frost as a poet.

Assignment- E C 303: The American literature.

Topic-   Robert frost as a poet.

Name- Vadher Ankita.

Roll no- 12.

Sem- 1

Batch- 2011-12.

Submitted To,

Dr.  Dilip Barad,

Bhavnagar University,

Bhavnagar.

v Introduction:

                    Robert frost is one of the greatest of American poets, whose name is well familiar in India. His images from the New England countryside and his language from New England speech. Although frost’s images and voice often seem familiar and old and his observation have an edge of skepticism and irony his poetry of his poetry helped provide a link between the American poetry of the 19^th century and that of the 20^th century.

v Life : 

   

                   Robert lee frost was born in San Francisco California, on March 26, 1874. His father was a New Englander, and his mother Isabella moodie,

Was a scot who had come to America from Edinburgh, when frost was eleven years old, his father died of tuberculosis then frost family moved to Massachusetts, where William frost wanted to be buried frost attended high school in Lawrence Massachusetts. And began wriling poetry. In 1895, he married elinorwhite the couple eventually had six children, two of then who died young he sold his form and with his wife and four children went to England where they battled in beacon field, Buckinghamshire. Frost attended Harvard College, but he left before receiving a degree. Frost attended Harvard College from 1897 to 1899. In 1900 century the family owned a small poultry farm in New Hampshire, and frost taught at a small private school near by. Frost continued to write poetry, but he was unsuccessful at publishing his work. He get better literary opportunities, the frosts sold their farm and moved to England in 1912. Frost archived his first literary success in England. His book of poems. A boy’s will in 1913 was printed by the first English publisher that first approached. He was elected to the membership of the national instituted of arts in 1916 to membership in the American academy in 1930. Fore time he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for poetry. Frost second collection, north of Boston, was published in 1914 and also won praise in England frost met other American poets including fellow new England army Lowell and the avent-grade writer Ezra pound but during this time frost’s work was associated with that at the Georgian poet, a group of English writer, the Georgian poets: Robert graves, Rupert Brooke, Wilfred owe and Edward Thomas. He was returned to the United States. While living on farms in Vermont and New Hampshire and teaching literature at Amherst College, the University of Michigan, Harvard University and Dartmouth College. He was given honorary degrees by more than forty colleges and university, including oxford and Cambridge. In 1961 at the inauguration of president john f. Kennedy, frost become the first poet to read a poem the “the gift outright “at a presidential inauguration.

Ø Works:

             Frost’s poetry reflects life in rural New England and the language. He used was the uncomplicated speech that region. He evokes a wide range of emotions and his poems often shift dramatically from humorous tones to tragic ones. Much of his poetry is concerned with how people interact with their environment and he saw the beauty of nature frost disliked free verse; he often wrote in the standard meter of blank verse but ran sentence over several lines so that the poetic meter plays subtly under the rhythm of natural speech. His volume mountain interval in 1916. It was published in America. “The road not taken”, ”an old man’s winter night”, ”putting in the seed” ,”snow”. Frost’s next volume of verses his fourth entitled. New Hampshire was published in 1923 after a long silence of four Pulitzer prizes that he would win over the next 20 years. The volume included longer poems and as well as short meditations on various subjects. Including – “fragmentary blue”, “fire and ice”, “stopping by woods on a snowy evening”, which is frost’s best known poem after an interval of five years in 1928 , frost came out with his fifth volume of the most significant verses of the poet and the major theme of this book is resistance and self realization. Frost’s won his second Pulitzer prize in 1930 for his collected poems and also his next two collections his sixth volume of verse and ‘a witness tree’ won Pulitzers then he wrote two plays in verse the first a masque of mercy and a masque of reason in 1945 received lukewarm praise from critics. ‘a mosque of mercy in 1947 which is a modern treatment of Christian Biblical figures was more successful and his final volumes of poetry were “steeple bush”, and “in the clearing”. 

Ø Rural life:

                  Frost’s poetry is entirely free from such conventional and artificial elements. He has succeeded in capturing the simplicity and naturalness of the Greek masters of this form. Frost as a pastoral poet has been universally recognized new England speaking that part of it which lies north of Boston provides the rural context within which frost’s most characteristic poems him not only with the setting but also with the objects, the includents the events his poetry is a record of their characters and habits, as well as of the various aspects of their life and activity their beliefs, ideals, tradition, and codes of conduct. He does not idealist the rustic and his life; rather he presents him as he is with all the sordid details of the life he leads his poems of rural life are highly suggestive and symbolic., for example: “stopping by woods” is apparently simple but it reality it is highly suggestive and symbolic it suggest the idea that man must sacrifice his desire for pleasure and rest to his duty and work in life. Similarly “mending wall” pictures an include from rural life, but in reality it is highly suggestive. The wall symbolizes all kind of barriers which divide man from man and it suggested in this way prejudices conflicts between nation, religious and economic quarrels.

Ø Regional poet:

                         He has selected the particular region for his purposes is new England and he has represented and interpreted this region precisely in one poem after another, its physical features, its people, its ways, beliefs and codes of conduct, appear and reappear in one poem after another further the industrial sites and fishing villages are ignored by him. There is no mention of railway train and automobiles, factories giving out smoke and radios describe, the people and their occupation which he presents and the language he uses are all peculiar to this selected region important aspect of frost’s regionalism is the fact that he shows the environment, the region acting their nature and attitudes.

Ø Nature poet:

                      Frost is great nature poet. He writes of the natural seem and sights, hills and deals of the region which lies north of Boston. In his view nature and man are two separate principles, and he constantly emphasizes the differences rather than than the similarity of their life and activity, he does not idealize the rustic and his life, rather he presents him as he is withal his deeper understanding of impulses, jealousies, love and hatreds with all the sordid details of the life he leads his poems of rural life are highly suggestive and symbolic.

Ø Conclusion:

                     Thus the Robert frost’s contributed in all sides which he writes his several poetry in different fields includes nature, rural, region and shows his qualities and styles, his experience, and he mention boundaries and barriers in his poetry.

                         

Assignment- E C 302: Research Methodology.

Topic- Plagiarism.

Name- Vadher Ankita.

Roll no- 18.

Sem- 1.

Batch- 2011-12.

Submitted To,

Dr. Dilip Barad,

Bhavnagar University,

Bhavnagar.

·        DEFINATION OF PLAGIARISM

Ø Plagiarism derived from the Latin word (kidnapper) it means “To Commit literary theft “ and to “Present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source” plagiarism involves two kinds of wrongs using another person ‘s ideas information or expressions without acknowledging that person’s work constitute intellectual theft. Passing off another person’s ideas information or expressions as your own to get a better grade or gain some other advantage constitutes fraud.

·        CONSEQUENCES OF PLAGIARISM

Ø A complex society that depends on well informed citizens strives to maintain high standards of quality and reliability for documents that are publicity circulated and used in various fields like that government business industry the professions higher education and the media. They spicily when they refer to another author’s ideas, fact and words whether they want to agree with object to analyze the source.  this kind of documentation not only recognize the work writers do it also tends to discourse the circulation of error by inviting readers to determine for themselves plagiarists undermine these important public values the charge of plagiarism is a serious one for all writers plagiarists are often sun as incompliant incapable of developing and expressing their own thoughts or worse dishonest wiling to deceive others for personal gain. The serious consequences of plagiarism reflect the value the public places on trustworthy information students exposed as plagiarists may suffer severe penalties ranging from failure in the assignment or in the course to expulsion from school. This is because students turning teachers in to detective instead of mentors and fostering suspicious instead of trust. when graduates skills and knowledge fail to match their grades an institution‘s reputation is damaged They lose an important opportunity to learn how to write a research paper This knowledge is also required in a wide range of careers in low journalism engineering public policy teaching business government and not for profit organizations plagiarism betrays the personal element in writings as well. Discussing the history of copyright, mark rose notes the tie between our sense of self a tie that he belies influenced the idea that a piece of writing could belong to the person who wrote it he also says that our sense of own ship of the words we write “is deeply rooted in our conceptions of ourselves as individuals with at least a modest grade of singularity some degree of personal its” it is essential for all student writers to understand how to avoid committing plagiarism.

·        UNITENTIONAL PLAGIARISM

Ø The purpose of a research paper is to synthesize previous research and scholarship with your ideas on the subject There  for you should feel free to use other person words facts and thoughts in your research paper but the material you barrow must not be presented as if it were  your own creation often plagiarism in student writing is unintentional as when an elementary school pupil assigned to do a report on a certain topics copies down  word for word everything on the subject in an encyclopedia plagiarism sometimes happens because researchers do not keep precise records of their reading and by the time they return to their notes they have forgotten whether their summaries and paraphrases contain quoted material that is poorly marked or unmarked presenting an author’s exact wording without marking it as a quotation is plagiarism even if you cite the source. It is the surest way when you work with notes to avoid unintentional plagiarism when you copy and paste passages make around them. When students write research paper in a second language. in an effort to avoid grammatical errors they may copy the structure of an authors’ sentences if you realize after handling a paper in that you accident tally plagiarized an auther’swork you should report the problem to your instructor as soon as possible in this way you eliminate the element of fraud.

·        FORMS OF PLAGIARISM

Ø     The most blatant form of plagiarism is to obtain and submit as your own a paper written by someone else other less conspicuenes forms of plagiarisms include the failure to give apprentice acknowlgement when repeating or paraphrasing another’s wording when taking a particularly apart phrase and when paraphrasing another ‘s argument or presenting another’s line of thinking.

·        ORIGINAL SOURCE

Ø  Some of Dickinson’s most powerful poems express her firmly held conviction that life cannot be fully comprehended without an understanding of death. if you write the following sentence without documentation, you have plagiarized because you borrowed another’s wording without acknowledgment even though you changed its form:

·        PLAGIARISM

Ø Emily Dickinson firmly believed that we cannot fully comprehend life   unless we also understand death.

Ø But you may present the material if you cite your source:

Ø As Wendy martin has suggested Emily Dickinson firmly believed the      cannot fully. Comprehen life unless we also understand death taking a particularly apt phrase.

·        ORIGINAL SOURCE

Ø  Every time uses the word language and everybody these days talks about culture……”Languaculure” is a reminder, I hope of the necessary connection between its two parts….. (Michael Agar language shock; understanding the culture of conversation (New York :morrow; 1994;print;601)

·        PLAGIARISM

Ø At the intersection of language and culture lies a concept that we might call “Languaculture”.

Ø But you may present the martial if you cite your source:

Ø At the intersection of language and culture lies a concept that Michael Agar has called “Languaculture”.

Ø In this revision the author’s name refers the reader to the full description of the work in the works cited list at the end of the paper and the prentice documentation identifies the location of the borrowed material in the work.

Ø Agar Michael language shock understanding the culture of conversation New York morrow 1994 print.

·        WHEN DOCUMENTATION IS NOT NEEDED:

Ø In addition Documenting direct quotations and paraphrases you should consider the status of the information and ideas you glean from sources in relation to your audience and to the scholarly consensus on your topics such as the basic biography of an author or the dates of a historical event can be used without documentation but where readers are in sign cant dispute among scholars documentation is needed while direct quotations and paraphrases are always documented scholars seldom document proverbs sayings and daches.if you have any doubts about whether you are community plagiarism cite your source or sources.

·        RELATED ISSUES

Ø  Other issues related to plagiarism and academic integrily.include reusing a research paper collaborative work research on human subject and copyright infringement.

·        REUSING A RESEARCH PAPER

Ø If you must complete a research project to earn a grade in a course handing in a paper you already earned credit for in another course is deceitful. if you want to rework a paper that you prepared for another course and ask your current instinct for permission to do so of if you wish to draw on our refuse portions of your previous writings in a news paper ask your instructor for guidance

·        COLLABORATIVE WORK

Ø Collaborative work is a group project you carry out with other students. Joint participation in research and writing is common and in fact encouraged in many courses and in many professions. It does not constitute plagiarism provided that credit is given for all contributions if roles and contributions were merged and shared is to acknowledge all concerned equally.

·        RESEARCH ON HUMAN SUBJECT

Ø Many academic institutions have policies governing research on human subjects. Research involving human subjects includes clinical trials of a drug or personal interviews for a psychological study. Institution usually. Require that researches. obtain the informed consent of human subjects for such project Although research for a paper in high school or college rarely involves human subjects ask your instructor about your institution’s policy. If yours does.

·        COPYWRIGHT INFRINGMENT

Ø Whereas summaries, paraphrases, and brief quotation in research papers are normally permissible with appropriate acknowledgment reproducing and distributing an entire copyrighted work or significant portions of it without obtaining permission to do so from the copywriter holders is an infringement of copyright law and legal offense even if the violator acknowledges the sources.

·        SUMMING UP

Ø  YOU HAVE PLAGIRARIZED IF

Ø You took notes that did not distinguish summary and paraphrase from quotation and then you presented wording from the notes as if it were all your own.

Ø While browsing the web you copied text and pasted it into your paper without quotation or without citing the sources.

Ø You took sometimes unique of particularly apt phrase without   acknowledgement.

Ø You paraphrased someone’s argument or presented someone’s line of thought without acknowledgment.

                       

  

Critique on Wasteland.

Assignment-   EC- 301:  The Modernist Literature.

Topic-   Critique on Wasteland.

Name- Vadher Ankita.

Roll No- 18.

Sem-   1

Batch-   2011-12.

Submitted To,

Dr. Dilip Barad,

Bhavnagar University,

Bhavnagar.

   

                                                          

1.     BURIAL ON THE DEAD

 The month of April mixes up both memories and desires in their consciousness and April the month of spring is the cruelest month for the waste Landers. Their dull souls are stirred up as the Roast of trees and plants are stirred up into activity by spring rain. The modern waste land is entirely desolate and the people are a spiritually dead and sterile. It is like a rocky barren land in which no trees can grow. there are only stones and rubbish man does not know meaning of spiritual bertilling.in this waste land the waste Landers can protect themselves from the heat of the sun only by taking shelter in the shadow of the red rock the shadow of there’d rock is different from the shadow and it behind them in the morning and which rises to meet them in the evening of life. Man is mortal and he lives in constant fear of death. Then follow two extracts from a German opera off Wagner entitled “Tristan and Isalde”and they enclosed with episode of guilty. Love the brats’ four lines in German mean that brush blows the wind and the ocean is calm but his beloved has not come. The other extract of one line means “empty and desolate the sea “the lover is hopeless. He is ill and will die soon guilty love results. In spiritual deadness. This is also illustrated by the episode of the hyacinth girl. There is spiritual degeneration all around in the modern waste land. Even the function of the tarot pack of cards has degenerated. It is used for fortune telling and cheating the credulous people .Madame sorosttises the famous fortune teller is sick and suffers from cold. But she is considered to be the wisest. Woman diets stand around them and she shows them one by one, the cards which foretell their respective futures differed not cards given a different meaning and symbols. the poet next addresses the ‘unreal city ‘which may by any city in the modern waste land-London ,Paris or any other for there is the same spiritual desolation everywhere. The poet observe it from a distance covered with the brown beg of the winter morning. He sees a crowd of people flowing over the London Bridge and he had never imagined that there were so many dead people as if there were in great suffering. The passage conclude with the words “you hypocrite you are like me, you are my brother. “In other words, all are equally dead spiritual ally in the modern waste land.

2 A GAME OF CHESS  

The poet begins by describing the two opposing scenes, one of high so duty and one of the lower classes and also describing the bedroom and dressing table of a rich and fashionable lady. She sat in a chair which shone brightly like a throne student with jewels. Her looking glass and glowing table reflected back the bright light falling on them from a branched candle stand hounding seven candles and in this way the brightness of the light was doubles. They were full of artificial scents purchased from foreign unknown countries. As the bottles were opened rich perfumes spreads and the fresh air loaded with their perfumes reached and ceiling and betted the light of the candles of the room. In the fire place acquired a greenish orange colored because the fire place was blamed by colored stones. The scene depicted the story off Philomela. Who was raped by the barbarous king tarsus, her own brother in low but was later on transformed in to a nightingale, the bird with a golem throat. Maidens are still raped as Philomela was raped, but while in the past as a result of suffering. She was transformed in to the bird with golden throat. Some other bingers were also carved on the mantel piece which seemed to learn our as if trying it listen to some sound in that closed and silent room. Soon there was heard the suffering sound of the root steps of someone climbing up the stairs. The lady knew that it was her lover and was emotionally exited. Her excitement was great that her hair .which she was camping and was spread out in the dazzling light of the room seemed like to have “beery points “and they would speak out but they remained still in a sinister, savage manner. after sometime the lady said to her lover that why did he never speak to her and she wanted him to stay with her next she asked him what he was thinking of when the lover still remained silent and she repeated her question. The lover replied that he was thinking that they lived in a lane inflected with rats; so many that they could eat away. At this point there is some sound or noise and the nervous brightened. The raise was heard again and the lady asked as to what the wind was doings there. The lover merely replied that it was nothing that it meant nothing she did not know what they would ever do the lover simply

                               Next the poet narrates another episode this time from middle classes life the poet shelter to a London barroom the speaker is a friend of all and where she is taking to some friends seated in a restaurant .when after the war ill husband has just been discharge from the army and she chided her friends at this time the bartender’s repeated calls of  “HURRY UP PLEASEIT’S TIME “meant the bar is closing for the might she has chided ill over her allure to get herself some false teeth telling her that her husband will seek out the company of other women if she doesn’t improve her appearance.lil calms that the cause of her revenge looks is the medication .she took to induce an abortion having nearly died giving birth to her birth child ,she had refused to have another but her husband won’t leave her alone  “the woman leave the bar to a chorus of “good night”.

3.     THE FIRE SERMON 

                      The title of this the longest section of the waste land is taken from a seaman given by Buddha in which he encourages his followers to give up. earthly passion and seek freedom from earthly things also the section begins with the poet pointing out that the tent formed over the river Thames by the trees on the opposite bank meeting at the top in the spring season is now broken because with the coming of autumn the trees have shed their leaves. The wind is blowing over the land covered with brown leaves :and the wind is blowing over the land covered with brown leaves the river banks are desolate for the ladies who had thronged them in the spring are no longer there. They have departed. The river Thames no longer carries on its bank in the summer season. The ladies have all departed and so also have departed their friends and lovers. Concerns in the city of London.

              Once long ago on a cold winter evening, Tarsiers the all knowing ,was finishing in the dull canal behind the gashouse and he heard the sounds of a rat’s creeping softly through the vegetation it dragged its dirty, slime covered belly with great difficulty .along the banks of the river. As he sat fishing, he threw of this brother king fisher, who had become a cripple and also of the death of his father before him. The moon shone brightly on mrs.porter and her daughter who wash their feet in soda water to make them look.farier still and so attract more customers. The next passage of four lines refers to the rape of Philomela and her transformation in to nightingale, the bird with the golden throats and she was rudely raped by her brother in law and suffering transformed her into nightingale. But her sons are mere meaningless “Twit, twit, twit” or “Jung, Jung” for the modern waste lenders. Next Tires as narrates an episode from lower middle class life. She is compared to a human engine, throbbing and waiting like a taxi. Says Tires as that now he may have grown old and blind but in his life he has seen and experienced all. The time of dusk is the time when all return to their homes it is the time even even the sailors. Return home from the sea. At this time the typist also return home. He sees her in their home first she removes the breakfast plates then she takes out her clothes spread out on the winders so that they may be dried up by  sun n and heaps them up on the divan which is also her bed for the night. The guest soon arrived. He was a gunman with a red face. He tried to engage her in love making, she did not rebuke him but remained indifferent to his love making and indicating that she did not desire it. She was hardly conscious of the fact that her lover had gone away. Thames there he has sometimes heard in lower street the pleasant but plaintive music of a amandine coming out of a bar mixed with the sound of clatter of vessel, the chatter of fishermen dinning and resting there at noon. The speaker the first of the three girls who lives near the second Thames daughter says that she was ruined in Moorgate locating in the eastern part of London, where poor people live. The third the same daughter says that she was ruined on Margate stands picric spot on the Thames. She does not remember anything. They are entirely helpless and expect nothing. The poet is reminded of the words of st.Augustine in his confessions.”To cartage them I came, where in his confessions “The entire modern waste land is burning in the fire of lust. They are all burning.   

4. DEATH BY WATER

            Plebes were a Phoenician sailor who was famous in ancient times, for their skill in negative. Now he has been dead for a fortnight. Now he no longer remembers the cry of gulls which he used to hear during, his voyage. Now he has also forgotten all about the rise and fall of the waves of the deep sea. His pursilaiat of wealth has also come to an end .his bones were caught by a current of water under the sea and were carried away with a slow ,whispering sound as his body and fell with the current, he passed the various stages of a man’s life from youth to old age. At last his body was caught in a whir pled and was seen no more. Thus ended his earthly existence. We should learn a lesson from his tragic death we should not seek to control our destiny and drive ourselves the boat of our life. If we do so we shall meet the tragic fate faith of plebes we should have faith in god and leave our destiny in his hands. As his body rose and fell with the current, he passed the various stages of a man’s life. From youth to old age. At last his body. Was caught in a whirled and was seen no more. Thus ended his earthly existence. We should not seek to control our destiny and drive ourselves the boat of our life. It we do so we shall meet the tragic fate of plebes we should have faith in god and leave our destiny in his hands.

5.     WHAT THE THUNDER SAID   

The section begins with an account of the arrest of Christ at the hand of his enemies. Their faces were dirty with sweat and red with anger. He was arrested in a garden and there was frosty silence after his arrest prison and palaces resounded with their shots. Then at last Christ was crucified. The poet adds that Christ did not die when he was Crisfield. He lived on in the   hearts of the devout but now he is dead because we the modern waste lenders. We are passive and inactive. The second passage refers to the journey of the question in search of the Holy Grail. They reach the kingdom of king fisher and the mountain on the top of which it was belied the holy Grail was kept in a chapped called the chapped perilous. There were only rocks all around them. They were also Rocky Mountains without any water. The caves of the mountains were hurries’ like wiled open mouths full of rotten teeth. The question could find no comfort in this mountain they could neither stand, nor sit, lie down to rest. They had gone on climbing constantly and could hear the sounds of thunder at a distance, but it was a thunder without any rain. They were not alone there but were surrounded by red angry faces that seemed to sneer and snare at them. The third passage describes the journey of two of the disciples of Christ who are going to the biblical waste land of Emmaus one of them asks his companions as to who was the third person walking by his side . This figure was well wrapped in a brown clock and had a hood over its head, so that he could not say whether it was amen or a woman The fourth passage describes the aimless journey of the modern waste Landers uprooted from their hearths and homes The earth is cracked at places and they stumbles and fall. The towers of churches or other big buildings of that city seem to be falling down. All are equally unreal and equally in rained far as religion and spiritual value as are concerned. These uprooted people of the modern waste land suffer from nervous and hysteria. There is spiritual sterility all around. The thunder spoke to the people a word “DA” that is to say that if they wanted his blesses they should give themselves over to some noble cause but the modern waste Landers are not devoted to any noble cause and hence their spiritual degeneration repeated the word “DA”. it means sympathies, god commanded them to came out of the prison of self and entire imaginatively in  to the sorrow and suffering of others such sympathy is essential for spiritual regeneration the same word “DA” was repeated third time also. The “DA” spoken now means Demayata that is to say self control, control over one’s own passion and desire. Such self control is essential for a successful and happy life. The story also implies that spiritual regeneration can take place only through suffering. The lines from a French sonnet “THE PRINCE OF AQUITACE” of the ruined tower also convey the same lesson. Such are the lesson which the poet has learned for his own salivation, to repair his own spiritual ruin if they remember the suffering alone leads to a spiritual salavation, they would quire spiritual calm and tranquility. Then there would be nothing but “SHANTIH, SHANTIH, and SHANTIH “in their lives.