Name:  Ankita Vadher.

Paper No:  103- Literary Theory and Criticism: Western 1

Topic: Aristotle’s Tragic Hero.

Sem-1, M.A-2.

Roll No: 17,

 Year: 2012-13.

Submitted To,

Dr. Dillip Barad,

Dept. of. English,

M.K.Bhavnagar University,

Bhavnagar.

Aristotle’s Tragic Hero.

v The Definition of Tragedy:

“Aristotle Defines tragedy as the imitation of an action serious complete and of a certain parts with different kinds of embellishment, through action and not narrative, and through scene of pity and fear about the ‘catharsis’ of these emotions.”

          This definition has wide implications. It falls naturally in to two parts the first part from ‘the imitation of an action”, to and not Narration”, is concerned with tragedy as one of the imitative arts and point out its medium objects and manner of imitation and emotional effects of tragedy.

v The ideal tragic hero:

Consideration of the ideal tragic hero Aristotle lays down that he should neither be perfectly good not utterly bad. He should be a man neither of a blameless character nor a depraved villain. He is a man of ordinary weaknesses and virtues like us learning more to the side of good than of evil. Occupying positions of eminence and falling in to ruin from that eminence. Not because of any deliberate wackiness, but because of some error of judgment on his part. Aristotle also says that man whose action and experiences poetry imitates may be either better or worse or the same as they are in actual life. Aristotle mentions and then ignores he is wholly concerned with the other two. The poet may represent men as heroic or exaggerate their follies and weaknesses. He may idealises or he may caricature. And this is the difference between tragedy and comedy. Tragedy idealises imitates men as better and comedy caricatures. Tragedy idealises and brings out the hidden possibilities embedded in men. The character in a tragedy are real men and women but they are of the better sort and farther by judicious processes of selection and elimination, the reality is heightened and the good in them is made more prominent and impressive. A skillful paint from reality but the object painted is made to look more beautiful than the original. It is still reality but reality idealized.

v Hamartia:

Hamartia is a word which admits of various shades of meaning and hence it has been differently interpreted by different critics. The tragic hero is not depraved or vicious but he is also not perfect and his misfortune is brought upon him by some fault of his own. The Greek word used here is Hamartia is “missing the mark”. He falls not because of the act of some outside agency or vice or depravity but because of Hamartia or miscalculation on his part. Hamartia is not a moral falling and hence it is unfortunate that it has been translated rather loosely as “tragic flaw” as has been done by Bradley. Aristotle himself distinguishes Hamartia from moral falling and makes it quite clear that he means by it some error of judgment. He writes that the cause of the hero’s fall must lie, not in depravity. But in some error or Hamartia on his part”.

v Its three sources:

This Hamartia is an error miscalculation. But the error may arise in three ways. It may arise from ‘ignorance of some material fact or circumstance’, or secondly, it may be an error arising from hasty or careless view of the special case or thirdly it may be an error voluntary but not deliberate as in the case of act committed in anger or passion. Hamartia is an error or a series of errors ‘whether morally culpable or not committed by an otherwise noble person and these errors derive him to his doom. The tragic lies in the fact that hero may err innocently, unknowingly without any evil intention at all, yet he is doomed. No less than those who are depraved and sin consciously.

 

v Tragic Hero:

John is misfit in both the worlds. Neither worlds accepts him each gives him sordid pain. There is no relief as he tries to find solace, pain and come only. His childhood is rough and his bringing up by Linda isn't praise worthy. He is deprived of dull sorts of love of mother, father, a women kiakime or lenina or society rejection too tears him whether of manhood, sacrifice or of love and it deepens his pathetic condition. In new world, more disgusting experiences are found. He is horrified. He finds his place nowhere he wishes to go somewhere and find solitude and purify himself. In loneliness he undergoes suffering through whipping himself and tries to forget unhappy memories regarding lenina  It was sensuality to be removed. But his solitude is found out and laughed at by the new world. People come to see him. Lenina too comes to the place but john lashes her next evening john commits suicide he hanged himself under the crown of the arch in the light house. He sacrifices himself but it is altogether different to Jesus. His death is sordid and prosaic. He had dreamed to sacrifice like Jesus. But it isn't realized. He isn't accepted by the old or new world. Perhaps his failure is the failure of religion and proves monds argument right that is absence of god. On the top of mesa Bernard and lenina had seen skeleton. At the end of the novel light house is shown. Thus there is deep relationship of geographical details related to john as well.

Ø Some more example of tragic hero:

v Macbeth as a tragic hero:

The character of Macbeth is a classic example of a Shakespearean tragic hero. There are many factors which three will be discussed. The three points which contribute greatly to Macbeth’s degeneration are the prophecy which was told to him by the witches, how Lady Macbeth influenced and manipulated Macbeth’s judgment, the finally Macbeth’s long time ambition which drove his desire to be king. Macbeth’s growing character degenerates from a noble man to violent individual. The prophecies which were told by the witches were one of the factors which contributed to the degeneration of his character. As a result of the prophesies, this aroused Macbeth’s curiosity of how he could be king of Scotland. As the play progresses, Macbeth slowly relies on the witches prophecies. Shakespeare uses the witches as a remedy for Macbeth’s curiosity which corrupts his character. The influence of Macbeth’s wife lady Macbeth also contributed to his degeneration of character. Lady Macbeth’s character in the beginning reveals that she is a lovable person. When Lady Macbeth was ready to kill King Duncan herself, it showed that lady Macbeth could not murder King Duncan because he reminded her of her father. This proves that lady Macbeth has a heart deep inside her. Lady Macbeth plays because she provided a scheme which caused Macbeth to assassinate King Duncan. After Macbeth had killed King Duncan, he later regrets on his wrong doing. At the point of this play the audience can note the change in Macbeth’s character Macbeth’s first murder was a trying experience for him however after the first murder, killing seemed to be the only solution to maintain his region of the people of Scotland therefore it was Lady Macbeth who introduced the concept of murder to Macbeth. Macbeth’s ambition had not been strong enough to carry the motive to kill King Duncan. Lady Macbeth’s influence also comes in to play because if not for lady Macbeth, his ambition would not have been intensified enough to drive him to obtain and maintain his title of king of Scotland no matter what it took even if it Macbeth murdering. Macbeth’s ambition influenced the cause of his new character. This new character of Macbeth contained greed, violence and power hunger. Macbeth shows this when he kills King Duncan.

Ø Conclusion:

The prophecies given to him by the witches, Lady Macbeth’s influence and plan and his intensified ambition all, contribution greatly to his degeneration of character which resulted to his downfall death. Therefore Macbeth character displays strong signs of a tragic hero, making him the ideal classic example.

v In Shakespeare’s “Hamlet”

Hamlet is a prime example of tragic hero. First of all, hamlet is the prince of Denmark which clearly shows his nobility in society. He is an intelligent man who, because of too much thinking. Rationally, does not fully achieve what he desired in the end one of his goals he succeeded in was to claim revenge for his father’s death by slaying Claudius, but he did it too late. His ration thinking made him verifies the ghost’s information, as well as fails to murder Claudius because he believes he was praying. The delay in his action was his Hamartia in turn led to hamlet’s downfall where because of his powerlessness to act everything he loved was destroyed. Hamlet realized his flaw in act five, scene two when he is speaking with Horatio before he accepts the challenge to sword- fight against Leartes. Here hamlet does not care if he dies because he now accepts fate’s duty.

Name:  Ankita Vadher.

Paper No: 4 the Indian writing in English pre- independent.

Topic: Art of Characterization.

Sem-1,

M.A. -2

Roll No: 17,

Year: 2012-13.

Submitted To,

Dr. Dillip Barad,

Dept. of. English,

M.K.Bhavnagar University,

Bhavnagar.

†ä ART OF CHARACTERIZATION ä…

..1.† Moorthy, the village Gandhi:-

Moorthy or Moorthappa is an educated young man of Kanthapura  It is he who organizes the work of congress in the village, and hence he is the central figure in the novel. Moorthy was prince in Kanthapura  He has nothing heroic about him, nor can he be called the Hero of the novel. He is an ordinary young man, with common human weaknesses. He is one of those thousands of young man who were inspired by Mahatma Gandhi to give up their studies, risk the wrath of the government, and become fighters for the cause of their motherland. That he is considerate and respectful is obvious from the affectionate way in which he is referred to by the people of Kanthapura.  He is called “Corner-House”, Moorthy who has gone through life “Like a noble cow, Quiet, Generous, Deferent, Brahminic a very prince”. He is considered to be honest like an elephant and is spoken of “Our Gandhi, the same of our village”. He is the “small mountain”, while Gandhi is the “big mountain”. Throughout he is shows as inspiring love and respect and winning the confidence of the village folk.

It seems that impact of Gandhi’s personality has transformed him form a common village lad, into a Young man capable of leadership, and the self sacrifice and devotion which leadership entails. He has never come into personal contact with Gandhi. Moorthy was in college when he felt the full force of Gandhi and he walked out of it, a Gandhi man. In those days, hundreds and thousands of young man throughout the country gave up their studies and courted arrest and he is one of them. But the manner in which Moorthy walked out of the college is unique. He is said to have had not an actual, first hand experience of Gandhi by personal contact  but a vision of Gandhi, addressing a public meeting and he himself pushing his way through the crowd and joining the band of volunteers and receiving inspiration by a touch of Gandhi’s hand. And that very evening Moorthy went out alone and come back to college and walked out of it, for good. Say Narsimhaiah, now here is a perilous subject for a young author. He was just past 25 himself deeply involved to the extent of being obsessed with gandhism as well as he search for a guru. Indeed the author own self is projected, so largely projected in the character of the Moorthy; and considering the circumstances and the temptation the identification of the young author with the young Moorthy appears to be in escapable inevitable. Actually there is a good deal of idealization of the character he so much admires.

From the time we meet him in the beginning of the novel to the very end of the book. Moorthy is perched at the top in this ascetic strength and his capacity for action comes as a surprise in a visionary like Moorthy when Rama in the serpent and the rope cries out in agony “Sivoham Sivoham”. It doesn't sound sentimental because it comes at the end of the long exploration as a something inevitable. But here when Moorthy says Sivoham before he is halfway through his life’s journey. There is no doubt the novelist has endowed him with numbers good qualities of head and heart. He has extra ordinary capacity for inspiring the people. On his returned from the city he had once proceeds to organize the Gandhi work in the village.“ The Gandhian struggle for independence had three strands- Political, Religious, and Social. All three strands meet in Moorthy .He works on all three levels. Religion is the most potent force in Kanthapura and so its action begins with religion before there is any mention of Gandhi or Swaraj, there is tremendous religious activity. Starting from and invocation to kenchamma, Goddess”. To the end of the novel, religion seems to sustain the spirited of the people of Kanthapura. The boys of the village had a grand feast to celebrate the occasion and one thing led to another. Soon they observed Sankara jayanthi, Sankara vijaya etc. when Moorthy threw out a hint that “ Somebody will offer the Dinner for each day the month, there was spontaneous response from every one and this is not stated by the novelist but comes home to us through the characters themselves”. Let the first be mine, said Bhatt; “the second mind”, said Agent nanjundiah; “Third must be mine”, insisted pundit venkateshiah. Jayaramchar the harikatha man is then invited to the village. Harikatha are had every evening and this harikatha serve as a clock for Gandhi propaganda. The harikatha an is arrested and taken away and so the Gandhi movement comes to the village. 

It is Moorthy who organizes the Gandhi work in the village. He goes from door to door carrying the message of the Mahatma. It is he who explain the economy of the khaddi and importance of the charkha to the ignorant and superstition- ridden women of the village. The women to must be enthused and so Moorthy sets about organizing them. A women volunteer crop is thus formed with ratna as the head of this organization of swayam sevikas or sevis. Here we find Moorthy a Gandhi man who has preacher Brotherhood and equality and classlessness and abolition of untouchabilities.

ä † Conclusion:-

         

Moorthy is a creature and flesh and blood with ordinary human weaknesses. He is no hero, but an average young man who like thousands others in those days, where enthused by Gandhi to come out of there shells and do there best for their mother land.

..2..† Ratna, The Progressive Widow:-

Ratna is young widow. She become a widow when hardly 15 years of an age. She is charming as is clear from the attention which Moorthy pays to her. There is just a hint of love affair between the two. However there love and liking for each other has not been properly developed and hence Kanthapura lacks in that love interest which is considered essential for a novel. We felt that the novelist has committed a serious error of judgment is not exploiting the love theme and thus missing an opportunity of adding to the charm and interest of his work. Ratna is young educated women of progressive views. Though she is a widow she does not dress and live in the conventional style of a widow. She wears bangles, colored saris uses kumkum mark on her forehead and parts her heir like a concubine, and water fall venkamma puts it. She is also bold and witty in conversation and can hold her own against heavy odds. She doesn’t care for such criticism.  She chooses her own path and sticks to it with firmness and determination. She takes keen interest in the Gandhian movement and is source of inspiration and help to Moorthy when Jayaramchar The harikatha man is arrested. She conducts the harikatha. After rangamma’s death she reads out the newspaper and other publicity materials of the benefit of the Khachaturian  When Moorthy is arrested she carries on his work and serves as the leader. She organizes the women volunteer crop and imparts to the sevikas the necessary training. She displays great courage and resourcefulness in the face of government repression and police action. She is dishonored, beaten up and send to jail to as a consequence but she suffers all patiently and unflinchingly. As the narrator of the story tales us she comes out of jail a change person more humble and more courteous to her elders. But more mature and determined. When Gandhi goes to England for the round table conferences reaches a settlement with the red mans government and the movement is withdrawn. Ratna is disappoinmented like countless other freedom fighter in India. She goes over to Bombay and through her letters we learn of her great admiration for Nehru “the equal distributions”.

         

In the Kanthapura  there is a number of women character and each one of them expresses one aspect or the others of Shakti. Rama addresses the women in each of them all of them are one and the same the incarnation of the feminine principle.         

Explaining the Definition of Deconstruction

Name: Vadher Ankita.

Paper: E-C-203: Literary Criticism: Western and Indian Poetics-2.

Topic:Explaining the Definition of Deconstruction.

SEM: 2, Part: 1.

Year: 2011/12.

Submitted To,

 Dr. Dilip Barad,

Dept of English,

                                              Bhav. Uni.

z What is Deconstruction? z

Derrida was the most influential philosophy in 70s and 80s of last century. In the criticism of literature, deconstruction is a theory and practice of reading which question and claims to ‘subvert’ or ‘undermine’ the assumption that the system of language provides grounds that are adequate to establish the boundaries, the coherence or unity, and the determinate meaning of a literary text. Typically a deconstructive reading sets out to show the conflicting forces within the text itself to dissipate the seeming definiteness of its structure and meaning in to indefinite array of incompatibility and undividable possibilities. Derrida did not invent the term deconstruction. First he found in a dictionary it was archaic word and also started to use in the 1960s. The meaning of the term ‘deconstruction’ has expanded far beyond those intended in derrida’s own first use of it. The word itself is now commonly used as a pretentious Alternative to “analysis”. Deconstruction is sometimes used as a label for what literary studies in general dose to poems plays, and novels, breaking them down to see how they work the implication often being that as for the child who takes apart their new toys on their birthday morning it may not prove possible to you things back together again. Deconstruction troubles our nation of definition because of its intense concern with singularity with what makes things individual or unique governed by something like a principle of respect for singularity, it makes more sense to think of Deconstruction in the plural a series of responses which seek to be as faithful as possible to their various objects whether a partition text, author, or historical event. This is why Deconstruction can’t be a method which would imply subordinating its objects regardless of their variety and singularity to some kind of mechanical operation. Deconstruction it should already be clear is awkward suspicious of the theoretical reduction of the world and pre-eminently wary of traditional philosophical interest in essences, ideals and abstract logics, it also recognizes the encasing of asking the kinds of question which can only be posed philosophically. One side of Deconstruction is this critical questioning of philosophical assumptions. Which are also the assumptions which underlie the way? We think, all the time, as Derrida commented in an interview in 1968, “Everyday language” is not innocent or neutral. It is the language of western metaphysic and it carries with. It is not only a considerable number of presuppositions of all type But, also presuppositions inseparable from metaphysics.

            Deconstruction is very interested in the way in which identity is never simply complete or given but is the product of these kinds of decisions of assumptions. Derrida is cornered as much with historical events with language the identity of written and verbal signs that which allows them to be respected, used and understood in new context to men things. Quite different from what was ordinary “Ghostliness” that open and provisional identity which characterized all identities. Deconstruction consists in exploiting the potential of the text by the reader who may bring in his own interests political philosophical literacy ideological. This is based on a language philosophy which stresses the relativity of meaning in as much as “Language is a system of difference without positive terms” Deconstruction is instructive.

Example:

                   If Deconstruction can be the name of a record label known for putting out chart friendly dance, music in the late 1980’s of a dreary 1999 album by earnest singer song writer Meredith books and of a series of skate punk rock festivals in 2002 and 2003.

                        It has became an excellent example of Derrida’s point that what makes communication possible is “inerrability” or to decode his term the sense that to be a word means something like this opposability of being carried in to ever changing contexts and put to ever different uses.

z Deconstruction and Post Structuralism z

                        Post-structuralism term referring to the new way texts are read and interpreted. It is a view of literature derived from Jacques Derrida’s theory of writing and more distantly from the linguistics of Saussure. Traditional interpretation of texts consisted in getting at the intention of the author and suppressing the kind of subjectivity which often interfered with it. Traditional interpretation also assumed that it is possible to get at the meaning of the text because it is universal. “Language is a system of differences without positive terms” it was Saussure who showed that signs differs from each other and they become meaningful through their differences which take the farm of opposition.

For Example:

Ø Red as a traffic signal means Stop while Green means go.

                              The connection between the signifier Red and the signifier stop is arbitrary, conventional, it is defined not by its essential properties but by the difference that distinguishes it from green or other signs. This feature made Saussure describe language as a system of differences without any positive terms. Derrida carries this argument its logical extreme when he shows that the very differences that make them meaningful keep them from meaning anything definite and also the signs don’t shed the multiple meaning they acquire in different contexts. They retain the traces of their other uses. Trace means a kind of eraser. Eraser is when writing itself erasing an idea.

Example:

Ø I have seen that people don’t close their eyes while praying.

                              This interdependence leads Derrida to the hypothesis that we can’t say what any sign means without reference to its relation to the other signs. In other words signifier differs from each other and from what they signify. The differences that make them meaningful keep them from meaning anything definite ha employs terms like trace / difference / differance /  supplement to explain this indeterminacy or phonon centrism or privileging speech over writing has no validity. Bloom would examine the relation of a text to its precursor this skeptical language philosophy with the one which we in India know we had our own skeptical and atheistic philosophy which accepted “presence” and who held the same view as Derrida but more ancient philosophy which accepted “presence”, “truth” and “meaning” while granting the impossibility of embodying it in human language except negativity. Infect, they said it can’t even be conceived by mind or by logic still maintained the importance of word as capable of expressing the truth. There is a verse which says: speech is measured out in 4 steps. The Brahmins who have the understanding when we listen this word Brahmins the ideas comes in a mind Brahmins means the wise that have the knowledge of the mantras. Derrida and his followers who pay so much attention to analysis of the semantic significance of words and to dismantling don’t speak at all of intonation and rhythm which may modify and integrate the meaning of individual signs and leads us to “presence”. This inclusive view of language can’t be dismissed as mere logo centrism.

                                                ™ Diachronic / Synchronic ˜

Diachronic:

                              Diachronic as related to the study of language both are related to the study Diachronic refers to the way of studying language taking in to the account the change and development through time and also a words grew with expert life.

Synchronic:

                              Opposed to the Diachronic synchronic which takes into the account those elements that are concern corneous synchronic available today which language existence today architect view of language.

Example:

Ø Thing - word, word – Thing

                                                ™ Difference / Differance ˜

                              Saussure defined language as a system of difference. He employs the terms sign / signifier / signified / parole / langue to define the whole system. The set of sounds the marks on the paper constitute the signifier. The concept thus named is called the signified. The relationship between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary/ conventional. Saussure terms langue as opposed to parole or speech which is what we find in individual utterances. Though the linguistic system langue is necessary for the speech events parole to be intelligible and produce their effects. It is impossible to establish the system itself without the speech events. The business of signification thus gets. Done only through speech, but the validity of its transaction is derived from the ratification by language system. Derrida shows that if in the linguistic system. There are only differences the play of differences involves constant references to other words; signs which are not there the meaning of which therefore entangle it with other signs. A word or sign differs each time we use it and yet retains traces of its other uses. The meaning of any word will never stop and declare itself at any point. There is a difference, by which neologism Derrida indicates how contracted differences result in a deferral.

Difference / Differance for Example:

 Ø       I am man.

                              It indicating / identity of man mean not an animal or not any gender. The language in hidden meaning.

                              Language always pretends to make things present to us but always fails. It defers postpones delays. This deferred nature of meaning forces us to realize that there is no arriving at it rather there is a dissemination of meaning. Derrida uses the word disseminating to suggest that meaning in a text is not single or hypostatized; on the other hand it is distributed among various alternatives which make the text ‘stratified’ as Christopher Norris would have it. Hence its relation to other text dissemination or its intersexuality. The multiple meaning become a source of joy Derrida uses the term graft to define the way two discourses may be ‘bound’. The reverberations set up by structures at once connected and divided are indicating by the term Tympana from tympanum which connects by transmission of sounds, the inside and outside separated.

                             

Importance of language and Discourse.

Name: Vadher Ankita.

Paper: E-E-205-B: Cultural Studies.

Topic: Importance of language and Discourse.

SEM: 2, part: 1,

Year: 2011/12.

Submitted To,

Dr. Dilip Barad,

Dept. of English,

Bhavnagar University.

Language and Discourse:

Raymond William Explain Definition of culture and society remain the cornerstone for much cultural studies even today:“our description of our experience comes to compose a network of relationship, and all our communication systems, including the arts, are literary parts of our social organization… since our way of seeing is literally our way of living, the process of community the offering, reception and comparison of new meanings leading to the tension and achievement of growth and change.”

           

William’s quote shows experience is central to the project of cultural studies, traffic clothing, food, social relations on public transport the sense of community or entertainment constitute our everyday culture. It foregrounds experience, but it analyses the relations that construct reality. Experience is expressed through language; how we express what we experience, how we speak with others and how we tell our stories. Language and representation are integral to the experience and construction of reality. In our society we studying about class-consciousness, tradition, race, gender discrimination, this all involve in our culture we studying not only about economic or politics but it also related to our everyday life. Language is very important and also played a vital role in our everyday life. Communication is very important to creates community and constitute a particular culture. Meaning is also played important role meaning exchange through a process of negotiations. Cultural studies believe that the process of meaning production are connected to the structure of power in society certain meaning acquire great power because of their sources, other meaning become less important. In cultural studies the preferred term to speak about ‘meaning’ is representation. We represent a present’s world in such a way that we can understand it. Representation can be an image, a word a sound or a concept. Language and meaning are connected to issues of class power, ideology and the material condition in which the speaking/ painting or situated in a context. This context is discourses are situated in a context in which a culture’s communication, meaning production and interpretation occur. Every objects, subjectivity and identity has to have some kind of representation in a particular society. This can be a name, a symbol, a word, a metaphor, a visual sign.

Example:

Our identity as a boy or girls is made possible through a system of signs think of our name which in most cultures where meaning is shared immediately identifies our gender when we hear of the name of people from other countries we don’t know they are male or female. Objects and events are also signs within a language system that can be interpreted by people who share a set of cultural codes.

Example:  Toys.

People who lived in a society they define boy and girl. When we look at toys we know tools/guns are suitable for boys. And dolls are suitable for girls. Here the point is dolls become sings of the feminine and therefore are given to girls. And guns become signs of masculinity. The values of a particular culture decide the owner/ user of dolls and tools not the inherent quality of the objects themselves.   

  

These discourses are patriarchal and treat women as weaker and requiring protection and to be given only particular tasks. As a result the discourses decide what is suitable or not suitable for girls and boys. It becomes natural to given dolls to girls and tools to boys. So then we can conclude our reading thus: text in contexts in society. We have to move between texts and everyday life where one influences the other. Girl and boys grown up watching such images of women and toys, and they grown up with same values in their everyday life, ways of thinking and social relation in turn produce similar texts. As the girl and boy grown up within this system of representation where their qualities and duties are available, they acquire an identity.

Multiplicity of Major Theme in Middlemarch.

Name: Vadher Ankita.

Paper: E-C-204: The Victorian Literature.

Topic: Multiplicity of Major Theme in Middlemarch.

SEM: 2, Part: 1.

Year: 2011/12.

Submitted To,

Dr, Dilip Barad,

Dept. of English,

Bhavnagar University.

v Unity of Middlemarch:

        The Decision made by every Person in Middlemarch seems to have a direct effect on at least one other person. Dorothea’s Decision to choose Casaubon leads sir James to choose Celia Mary’s decision to marry Fred means that fare brother is without a wife. Balustrade’s dirty dealing with regard to raffles mean disgrace to both Lydgate and willladislaw. Everyone is in interconnected and it seems that no one can move around without disturbing someone else.

v Gender roles and expectation:

Especially relevant to Dorothea. Middlemarch society has very defined ideas of what people of each gender should do within the society and people, especially women, who deviate from this norm, are looked down upon. Dorothea is tolerated because she is of good family and does not disrupt the society she is in. however she faces a great deal of pressures to change herself, conform to others ideas, and submit herself to male leadership at all times.

v Social position:

Social position is a great deal in Middlemarch; it means how much respect a person gets. How people treat them, how they are regarded etc. people of high status are generally treated more delicately than people with little money like Laidlaw and Lydgate Birth and connection are also important in determine a person’s place and also what benefits they will receive from society.

v Family obligation:

People within the novel have varying ideas of family obligation in the novel, though it is a strong force in Middlemarch society. Mr. Featherstone’s relations believe they are untitled to money; Mrs. Balustrade believes that she must help and advice her family in order to show support. Sir James shows his regarded for his family by being very protective and a constant adviser as well. Casaubon dispense of his obligation though money and Balustrade attempts also to do the same.

v Reality VS Expectations:

  Many character’s preconceived ideas, especially of marriage, are proven tragically wrong in the course of the book. Casaubon and Dorothy both have unrealistic ideas about marriage, and are disappointed. Lydgate and rosamond have the same ideas, and are let down. Life often defines what one expects, or could predict of it; and the people who are happiest are the ones who have few expectation, or are most flexible.

v The imperfection of marriage:

Because of marriage. Life become imperfect and destruction. Most characters in Middlemarch marry for love rather than obligation, yet marriage and the pursuit of it are central concerns in Middlemarch, but unlike in many novels of the time marriage is not consider the ultimately source of happiness. Two examples are the failed marriage of Dorothy and Lydgate. Dorothea marriage fails because of her youth and of her disillusion about marrying a much older man, while Lydgate’s marriage fails because of irreconcilable personalities. Mr. and Mrs. Balustrade also face a marital crisis due to his inability to tell her about the past and Fred vincy and many Garth also face a great deal of hardship in making their union. As none of the marriages reach a perfect fairytale ending. Middlemarch offers a clear critique of the usual portrayal of marriage as romantic and unproblematic.

v Self- determination VS chance:

 In Middlemarch self determination and chance are not opposing forces but rather a complicated balancing act when character strictly adhere to a belief in either chance or self determination, bad things happen. When rosamond goes against the wishes of her husband and writers a letter asking for money from his relative her act of self- determination puts lydgate in an unsavory and tense situation coupled with a refusal to help on the flip side, when Fred vincy gambles away his money, relying solely on chance he falls in to debt and drags with him the people who trust him. Only when he steps away from gambling and decides not to go in to the clergy, the character of fare brother demonstrates the balance between fate and self determination. This balance is exemplified. In his educated gamble in the game of whist. Through a combination of skill and chance, he is able to win more often than not his character strikes a balance between chance and his role in determining that fate.

v Self discovery:

There are certain truths which every character learns about himself in the course of trails Lydgate and rosamond find out more about their character through their money troubles through their money troubles through they do not always adjust accordingly. Dorothea makes the most dramatic younger of self discovery and changes a great deal within the course of the novel.

v Conscience VS self interest:

            

This is a question that comes to play in Lydgate’s life in particular. Does one do what one thinks is right or what gives one the most benefit? Lydgate often goes for self interest though it gets him not trouble.

v  Money:

Money is the root of many evils, but much good in the novel, lydgat gates desperate for want of it, Fred despairs when he has little Dorothy becomes generous when she has too much and the garths save carefully since their money is limited money has a profound effect on character within the novel, and though many people are judged by how much money they have many of the best people in the novel, like will Laidlaw and Mrs. Fare brother, have very little.

v Love:

     

Love keeps people together in Middlemarch we can see in the Middlemarch true love between character like will and Dorothy, Mary and Fred and they are bound together by it and they are very alike in temperament and outlook. And those who look it like lydgat and rosamond, Casaubon and Dorothy are ill-suited to each other in marriage. And they are very disappointed by there unions.

v Responsibility:

This is a major theme of Fred’s story and he must become responsible for his finances and his choice, will does to a certain extent. Both men must learn how to rely on extent. Both men must learn how to become independent it many ways.